Os censos do INEP como critério para entender a formação em Psicologia: gênese, panorama e indicadores atuais / INEP censuses as a criterion to understand Psychology professional education: genesis, overview,and current indicators

Objetivamos refletir como os censos do INEP podem possibilitar um critério para analisar a formação do psicólogo no Brasil. Estabelecemos uma estratégia metodológica baseada na pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental. Contextualizamos o surgimento do INEP e a sua lógica de estabelecer o censo do ensino superior pelas figuras de Lourenço Filho e Anísio Teixeira, suas estadas na Universidade de Columbia e apropriações de ideias psicológicas, educacionais e administrativas. Adentramos tais censos, entre 1940-2010, para entender o expansionismo educacional e a formação do psicólogo. No censo de 2020,observamos: predominância de cursos privados sobre os públicos; expansão formativa em cursos interioranos; expressão da mercantilização da Psicologia; discrepância entre os cursos de Bacharelado e Licenciatura; equivalência e diminuição da oferta de cursos de Licenciatura no ensino público e privado. Concluímos que a análise empreendida ajuda a entender o campo da formação do psicólogo em suas nuances históricas, políticas, estatísticas, sociais e educacionais.

We aim to reflect on how the INEP's censuses mayprovide a criterion to analyze the professional education of psychologists in Brazil.We established a methodological strategy based on bibliographic-research and document analysis. We contextualized the INEP's emergence and its logic of establishing higher education census through the figures of Lourenço Filho and Anísio Teixeira, their stays at Columbia University and appropriations of psychological, educational and administrative ideas. Weexamedsuch censuses, between1940-2010, to understand the educational expansionism and professional education of psychologists.In the 2020 census, we observe: predominance of private courses over public ones; educationalexpansion in inland courses; expression of a commodified Psychology; discrepancy between the Bachelor's and the Teaching License Degree in the education of psychologists; equivalence and reduced offers of Psychology Degreecourses in public and private education. We conclude that the analysis undertakenhelps to understand the psychologist professional educationfield in its historical, political, statistical, social and educational nuances.

Uma análise das ações de divulgação e popularização da ciência na Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / An analysis of actions taken by Fundação Oswaldo Cruz for the communication and popularization of science

Resumo Neste trabalho apresentamos uma análise das ações de divulgação e popularização da ciência na Fiocruz a partir de duas perspectivas. O estudo tem por objetivo investigar como se organiza um sistema de divulgação e popularização da ciência em uma instituição científica de grande porte e como esse sistema se articula com seu discurso institucional. Além de fazer uma breve revisão da evolução do tema na história da Fiocruz, realizamos um levantamento de como o mesmo tem sido tratado nos documentos oficiais de planejamento. Com o mapeamento das ações realizadas em 2015 e 2016, foi possível compreender melhor esse universo e classificá-lo de acordo com suas características junto ao público.

Abstract An analysis is presented of actions taken by the Brazilian research institution Fiocruz for the communication and popularization of science, from two perspectives. The aim was to investigate how a system for the communication and popularization of science is organized at a large scientific institution and how it is articulated with the institutional discourse. A brief review is presented of how the topic has developed over the history of Fiocruz, followed by a discussion of the way it has been addressed in its official planning documents. The science communication/popularization actions undertaken in 2015 and 2016 were mapped out and classified according to how they interact with the public, giving a better understanding of this area.

Women made visible: a different perspective on the history of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Portugal, 1943-1966 / Mulheres visíveis: uma perspectiva diferente na história do Instituto de Medicina Tropical em Portugal, 1943-1966

Abstract This work focuses on the scientific research conducted by women at Portugal's Institute of Tropical Medicine between 1943 and 1966. The Institute's scientific journal documents the participation of women in tropical medicine during this period. Their publications addressed a variety of subjects and resulted from research carried out in the metropolis as well as Portugal's overseas colonies. Most of the articles written by these women were are co-authored by their male colleagues, reflecting the incorporation of female researchers into scientific networks already established by men. This work in progress provides a starting point to lend visibility to a group of scientific actors who are practically absent from the historiography of tropical medicine.

Resumo O foco deste trabalho é a pesquisa científica realizada por mulheres no Instituto de Medicina Tropical, em Portugal, entre 1943 e 1966. O periódico científico do Instituto documenta a participação das mulheres na medicina tropical nesse período. Suas publicações abordavam uma diversidade de temas e resultaram de pesquisas realizadas na metrópole, bem como nas colônias ultramarinas de Portugal. A maioria dos artigos escritos por mulheres contava com a coautoria de seus colegas homens, refletindo a incorporação de pesquisadoras às redes científicas já estabelecidas por homens. Este trabalho em andamento representa um ponto de partida para dar visibilidade a um grupo de atores científicos que está praticamente ausente da historiografia da medicina tropical.

60 años de la Asociación Colombiana de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello / 60 years of the Colombian Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery

Este año celebramos los 60 años de fundada la Asociación Colombiana de Otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello, estos sesenta años que se cumplen ,resultan ser una fecha muy importante para esta agremiación y donde considero importante recordar y homenajear a las cabezas lideres y fundadoras de esta sociedad. Descargas

History of the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine: research on malaria and leishmaniasis / História do Instituto E.I. Martsinovsky de Parasitologia Médica e Medicina Tropical: pesquisa sobre malária e leishmaniose

Abstract This review presents the 100-year history of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in Moscow, Russia, starting with its foundation and early activities, and also describes the impact of its leading scientists, some of whom became internationally known. The institute headed a network of nine tropical institutes in the various Soviet republics from the 1920s to 1990. The extensive body of literature on the history and research accomplishments of this institute has mainly been published in Russian; our goal here is to introduce these achievements and this expertise to the international scientific and medical community, focusing on malaria and leishmaniasis and the development of measures to control and monitor these diseases in the USSR.

Resumo O artigo analisa a história centenária do Instituto Martsinovsky de Parasitologia Médica e Medicina Tropical em Moscou, Rússia, desde sua fundação e primeiras atividades, e descreve a influência de seus principais cientistas, alguns dos quais viriam a conquistar renome internacional. O instituto liderou uma rede de nove institutos tropicais em diversas repúblicas soviéticas entre as décadas de 1920 e 1990. A vasta literatura sobre o trabalho de história e pesquisa desse instituto foi publicada sobretudo em russo; nosso objetivo aqui é apresentar esse trabalho e conhecimento à comunidade médica e científica internacional, concentrando-se na malária e na leishmaniose e no avanço de medidas de controle e monitoramento dessas doenças na URSS.

A invenção da norma: a psicologia na liga brasileira de higiene mental / Inventing the standard: psychology in the brazilian mental hygiene league

Resumo O artigo analisa a psicologia na Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental, instituição fundada em 1923 que tinha como princípios fundamentais a adaptação dos indivíduos e a constituição da "moral universal do amanhã". Entre outras proposições, ela se dedicou à adaptação de testes psicológicos e aos estudos sobre o desenvolvimento infantil que buscavam avaliar o funcionamento mental e delimitar sua norma. Como elemento que colaborou para a extensão do poder psiquiátrico, a psicologia implicou-se em duas dimensões da atuação do poder disciplinar: os corpos individuais e o corpo social. Assim, a psicologia também encontrou a possibilidade de sua vulgarização, não sem as contradições emergentes na posição de saber e técnica disciplinar.

Abstract The article analyzes psychology within the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League, an institution founded in 1923 for the adaptation of individuals and to shape the "universal morals of tomorrow." Among other purposes, the league worked to adapt psychological tests and studies on child development in an attempt to assess mental function and establish standards. As an element that helped broaden the power of psychiatry, psychology was involved in two dimensions of disciplinary power: individual bodies and the social body. In this way, psychology also encountered the possibility that it could be vulgarized, as well as contradictions arising from the position of knowledge and techniques in this area.

Historical review of the Department of Physiology on the 75th anniversary of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez / Reseña histórica del Departamento de Fisiología en el 75 aniversario del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez

Abstract The Physiology Department has played an important role in the development of physiology in Mexico since its beginnings. It was founded by Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth in 1947. Many of the original researchers participated in the formation of the Mexican Society of Physiological Sciences. Researchers belonging to this department have given origin to an important national research center (CINVESTAV) and to numerous groups and departments within the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología such as the Valves department in the basement of the main building of the institute, the department of molecular biology situated in the Anexo de Investigación, and a laboratory in the translational medicine unit. The physiology department has importantly contributed to the development of research in the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.

Resumen El Departamento de Fisiología ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de la fisiología en México desde sus inicios. Fue fundado por el Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth en 1947. Muchos de sus investigadores originales participaron en el nacimiento de la Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Fue el origen de un importante centro de investigación a nivel nacional (CINVESTAV) y ha dado lugar a numerosos grupos y departamentos dentro del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, como el Departamento de Válvulas en el basamento del edificio principal, el Departamento de Biología Molecular ubicado en el Anexo de Investigación y un laboratorio en la Unidad de Medicina Traslacional. El Departamento de Fisiología ha contribuido de manera importante al desarrollo de la investigación en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.

De Alma-Ata a Astana: o percurso dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários em Portugal, 1978-2018 e a génese da Medicina Familiar / From Alma-Ata to Astana: the path of Primary Health Care in Portugal, 1978-2018 and the genesis of Family Medicine

Resumo Ao longo século XX, as profundas alterações que ocorreram na Medicina apenas podem ser completamente esclarecidas se forem observadas numa perspectiva histórica, pois elas sempre ocorreram em resposta a influências externas, umas científicas e tecnológicas, outras de ordem social. A moderna Medicina Familiar é uma das muitas disciplinas novas que se desenvolveram durante o curso da história da Medicina e aqui debatemos de forma crítica, os últimos 40 anos dos cuidados primários em saúde em Portugal, começando em 1971, mesmo antes da Declaração de Alma-Ata (1978). Ao longo do percurso, em 2005, surge a Reforma dos Cuidados Primários em Saúde em Portugal e as novas unidades de saúde familiar, que até setembro de 2019 atendiam cerca de 94% dos cidadãos portugueses, ou seja, mais de nove milhões e meio de pessoas. No final dessa trajetória, de forma solidária e voluntária, esta Reforma serviu de inspiração para outra, no Brasil, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em 2009. Por fim, apresentamos os desafios apontados na Declaração de Astana de 2018, dentre elas, a questão da força de trabalho nos cuidados de saúde primários, como fator essencial para o desempenho e a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de saúde.

Abstract Throughout the twentieth century, the profound changes that have taken place in Medicine can only be wholly explained if observed from a historical perspective, for they have always occurred in response to external influences, some scientific and technological, others of a social nature. Modern Family Medicine is one of the many new disciplines that have developed during medical history, and we critically discuss the last 40 years of primary health care in Portugal, which started in 1971, long before the Alma-Ata Declaration (1978). Along the way, in 2005, the Primary Health Care Reform emerges in Portugal, along with the new family health facilities, which until September 2019, attended about 94 % of Portuguese citizens, i.e., 9,5 million people. At the end of this course, in solidarity and voluntarily, this Reform inspired another one in Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro, in 2009. Finally, we present the challenges pointed out in the 2018 Astana Declaration, among them, the issue of the workforce in primary health care as an essential factor for the performance and sustainability of health systems.

Ignacio Chávez Rivera. A paradigm in medicine / Ignacio Chávez Rivera. Un paradigma en la medicina

Abstract This article summarizes the life of Ignacio Chávez Rivera, one of the six most valuable directors that the National Institute of Cardiology has had "Ignacio Chávez Sánchez," founder of the same and father of the aforementioned. His time in life left a clear example to emulate both in the scientific, academic and teaching as well as in the human, family, social and friendly, which make him in the most outstanding student of Master Chávez. His time in life at the National Academy of Medicine, the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the Interamerican Society of Cardiology, the Mexican Society of Cardiology and the Institute itself, has left an indelible mark on these Institutions. The National Institute of Cardiology bows reverently to the figure of Ignacio Chávez Rivera.

Resumen Este documento sintetiza la vida de Ignacio Chávez Rivera, uno de los seis directores más valiosos que ha tenido el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Sánchez, su fundador y padre del ahora aludido. Su paso por la vida dejó un claro ejemplo a emular tanto en el ámbito científico, académico y docente como en los aspectos humano, familiar y social que lo convirtieron en el alumno más destacado del maestro Chávez. Su paso por la vida en la Academia Nacional de Medicina, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología, la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología y el propio Instituto ha dejado huella imperecedera en estas instituciones. El instituto Nacional de Cardiología se inclina reverente ante la figura de Ignacio Chávez Rivera.

Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz: the character, the scientist, the academician

Abstract The present work analyses some particular aspects of Oswaldo Cruz's unique biography, valuing his work, which was built along a successful physician and scientist professional trajectory and also as a courageous and fortunate formulator of public health policies and of fight strategies against the epidemics that seasonally affected the city of Rio de Janeiro at the beginning of the 20th century. The authors also dwell on his legacy as Head scientist and manager of the Institute that bears his name and became the template for experimental research and medicine in Brazil and the bedrock of the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, one of the most important Brazilian Institutions devoted to teaching, research, development and production in health. This heritage made possible to overcome the existing dissensions between doctors and scientists to build a sanitary movement committed to the major health problems in Brazil. Finally, the paper explores some features of the character and reports some of his moments during his passage, as a Full Academician, at the Brazilian Academia Nacional de Medicina.

O Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo: marcas de sua criação, 1940-1959 / The Institute for Tropical Medicine of São Paulo: characteristics of its creation, 1940-1959 / El Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo: marcas de su creación, 1940-1959

Este artigo foi escrito a partir de um trabalho de perscrutação a jornais, relatórios e textos memorialísticos e objetiva oferecer um contributo historiográfico sobre a criação do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, sancionada em janeiro de 1959 após uma movimentação institucional liderada pelo professor Carlos da Silva Lacaz, seu primeiro diretor. Procura-se destacar aqui dois importantes eixos que contribuíram para a decisão em prover a capital paulista de um Instituto de Medicina Tropical: em primeiro lugar, a internacionalização da Medicina Tropical brasileira, nomeadamente sua relação com tropicalistas portugueses, consubstanciada com a ida de brasileiros - em especial, paulistas - aos institutos de Medicina Tropical na Europa e, em segundo lugar, a presença de endemias rurais no estado de São Paulo (Brasil), que começavam a tornar-se visíveis na capital em decorrência dos movimentos migratórios em direção à cidade.(AU)

This article was based on an examination of newspapers, reports, and memorial texts. It aims at offering a historiographical contribution about the creation of the Institute for Tropical Medicine (IMT, Instituto de Medicina Tropical), approved in January 1959 after an institutional movement led by Prof. Carlos da Silva Lacaz, who was also its first director. The objective is to highlight important factors that contributed to the decision of creating an institute of Tropical Medicine in the Brazilian city of São Paulo, capital of the state of São Paulo. The first of them was to internationalize the Brazilian Tropical Medicine, namely its relationship with Portuguese tropicalists that was consubstantiated with the migration of Brazilians, particularly from the city of São Paulo, to European institutes of Tropical Medicine. The presence of rural endemic diseases in the state, which were becoming increasingly visible in the capital due to migratory movements to the big city, also contributed to its creation.(AU)

Este artículo se escribió a partir de un trabajo de búsqueda en periódicos, informes y textos memorialísticos y tiene el objetivo de ofrecer una contribución historiográfica sobre la creación del Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, sancionada en enero de 1959 después de un movimiento institucional liderado por el profesor Carlos da Silva Lacaz, su primer director. Se busca destacar aquí dos ejes importantes que contribuyeron para la decisión de proporcionar a la capital del Estado de São Paulo un instituto de Medicina Tropical: en primer lugar, la internacionalización de la Medicina Tropical brasileña, principalmente su relación con tropicalistas portugueses, consubstanciada con la ida de brasileños, en especial del estado de São Paulo, a los institutos de medicina tropical en Europa y, en segundo lugar, la presencia de endemias rurales en el Estado de São Paulo (Brasil) que comenzaban a ser visibles en la capital debido a los movimientos migratorios hacia la ciudad.(AU)

Reseña historica de la Gerencia de Seguridad Industrial, ambiente e higiene ocupacional del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" / Historical Overview Industrial Safety, environment and occupational of The National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel"

La Seguridad Industrial en el INHRR nace con la conformación del primer Comité de Higiene y Seguridad Industrial en el año 1997, cumpliendo con la Norma COVENIN 2270-95 "Conformación de Comités de Seguridad Industrial". En el año 1999, se asigna la creación de la Unidad de Seguridad Laboral y Ambiente a partir del Programa de Seguridad Laboral y Ambiente. Esta Unidad estaba adscrita a la Gerencia de Recursos Humanos del INHRR. El personal que conformó esta Unidad desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad, se ha caracterizado por ser un equipo multidisciplinario con experiencia en distintas áreas técnicas de la Institución y con conocimientos sólidos en trabajos como seguridad de laboratorio químico y biológico, entre otros. Profesionales altamente capacitados, comprometidos, con entrega, ética, mística de trabajo, calidad de servicio y sentido de pertenencia por la Institución. Posteriormente se integra al equipo de trabajo un Médico Ocupacional y una Enfermera Laboral con la finalidad de prestar la atención a los trabajadores y trabajadores de la Institución. En el año 1999, aproximadamente se crea la Brigada de Control de Emergencias de la Institución cumpliendo con la normativa nacional vigente. Dichos integrantes de esta brigada siempre han contado con capacitación o actualización continua en áreas de Combate y Supresión de Incendio Nivel I y II, Materiales Peligrosos Nivel Respondedor y Operaciones, Rescate Básico Nivel I, Primeros Auxilios Nivel I, Técnicas de Desalojo, Reanimación Cardio Pulmonar, entre otros. El 1ero de septiembre del 2013, mediante Punto de Cuenta al Consejo N° 01, Sesión N° 30 de fecha 10/10/2013, fue creada funcional y organizacionalmente la Gerencia de Seguridad Industrial, Ambiente e Higiene Ocupacional, adscrita a la Presidencia del Instituto, cuya función principal es velar por la seguridad laboral, industrial y ambiental tanto de las trabajadoras, trabajadores como instalaciones y el entorno de la Institución, enfatizando en las acciones preventivas, promoviendo la cultura de seguridad y prevención en la Institución, asesorando a las diferentes unidades en materia de seguridad laboral, salud y ambiente, realizando gestiones de manejo de desechos bioinfecciosos, planes de reciclaje de papel, capacitando al personal de la Institución en materia de seguridad, laboral y ambiente, apoyo e intercambio de saberes con Organismos del Estado, en otras actividades, todas estas enmarcadas en el fiel cumplimiento de las leyes, normativas y reglamentaciones vigentes en el País.

The Industrial Safety in the INHRR was born with the conformation of the first Committee of Hygiene and Industrial Safety in the year 1997, fulfilling with the Norm COVENIN 2270-95 "Conformation of Committees of Industrial Security". In 1999, the creation of the Occupational Safety and Environment Unit was assigned based on the Workplace Safety and Environment Program. This Unit was attached to the Human Resources Management of the INHRR. The staff that made up this Unit from its beginnings to the present, has been characterized as a multidisciplinary team with experience in different technical areas of the Institution and with solid knowledge in safe chemical and biological laboratory work, among others. Highly trained professionals, committed, with dedication, ethics, work mystique, quality of service and sense of belonging by the Institution. Later, an Occupational Physician and a Labor Nurse were integrated into the work team in order to provide care to the workers and workers of the Institution. In 1999 approximately the Emergency Control Brigade of the Institution was created, complying with the current national regulations. These members of this Brigade have always had training or continuous updating such areas of Combat and Suppression of Fire Level I and II, Hazardous Materials Level Responder and Operations, Basic Rescue Level I, First Aid Level I, Techniques of Eviction, Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation among others. On September 1, 2013, through Point of Account to the Board N ° 01, Session N ° 30 dated 10/10/2013 the Management of Industrial Safety, Environment and Occupational Hygiene was created functionally and organizationally, attached to the Presidency of the Institute , whose main function is to ensure the occupational, industrial and environmental safety of both workers, workers and facilities and the environment of the institution, emphasizing preventive actions, promoting the culture of safety and prevention in the institution, advising the different units in matters of occupational safety, health and environment, carrying out management of bioinfectious waste management, paper recycling plans, training the staff of the institution on safety, labor and environment, support and exchange of knowledge with the State Agency, in other activities, all activities framed in faithful compliance with the laws, regulations and regulations in force in the country.

At 100 years of Gaceta Médica de México resumption

Gaceta Médica de México, official journal of the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico, began its circulation on September 15, 1864, and continues to be positioned as the oldest medical periodical publication. However, its publication was temporarily interrupted. The present study analyzes the interruption suffered by Gaceta in 1916, its resumption in 1919, and the causes that originated that discontinuity. The consequences of the so-called Mexican revolution and the enthusiasm and commitment of the academy and its editors to continue working for the progress of national medicine are discussed.

A formação inicial de Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto: uma trajetória rumo à saúde internacional / The early training of Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto: an itinerary to the international health

Resumo Analisa a formação do médico Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto, com passagens pela Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro e pelo Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, bem como sua atuação na divulgação do projeto da Fundação Rockefeller no Brasil. A partir de testamento, relatos orais, tese de doutoramento e notícias de jornais, é possível compreender as especificidades da turma de 1913 do Curso de Aplicação do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e como seus estudantes estiveram articulados em ações relativas ao projeto de saúde internacional. O texto evidencia que a defesa dos acordos com a Fundação Rockefeller podia causar controvérsias, negociações e concessões em estados onde ela ainda não havia penetrado, como ocorreu em Pernambuco.

Abstract The article analyzes the education and training of the physician Antônio Luis Cavalcanti de Albuquerque de Barros Barreto, who studied at both the Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Medicine and Oswaldo Cruz Institute and who promoted the Rockefeller Foundation's project in Brazil. An examination of a will, oral accounts, Barros Barreto's medical thesis, and newspaper reports reveals characteristics of the class of 1913 at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute Specialization Program and shows how these students engaged in the foundation's international health initiatives. The text demonstrates how the idea of partnering with the foundation fueled controversies, impelled negotiations, and led to concessions in states where the foundation had yet to establish its presence, as in Pernambuco.

Desde el ISET al InDRE. II. Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales: madurez y consolidación, 1940-1964 / From ISET to InDRE. II. Institute of Public Health and Tropical Diseases: maturity and consolidation, 1940-1964

Resumen El periodo que comienza en 1940 es crucial para la creación del moderno sistema de salud de México. El Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales es la institución pionera en investigación en salud y en sus primeras dos décadas logra madurez y consolida líneas de investigación expresadas en casi 1700 publicaciones. También obtiene notoria visibilidad internacional y fue seleccionado como referencia regional para la vigilancia epidemiológica de influenza, estreptococo y salmonela. Su evolución se produjo con ritmo de innovación que iría disminuyendo para el final de ese periodo. Enfrentó limitaciones para renovar líneas de trabajo, investigadores y equipo de laboratorio, sin embargo, su papel en las decisiones de la salud pública del país siguió siendo central.

Abstract The period that starts in 1940 is crucial for the creation of Mexico’s modern health system. The Institute of Sanitary and Tropical Diseases is the pioneer institution in health research and on its first two decades it achieved maturity and consolidated lines of research expressed in almost 1700 publications. It also obtained notorious international visibility and was selected as a regional reference for epidemiological surveillance of influenza, streptococcus and salmonella. Its evolution took place with an innovation rhythm that would be decreasing by the end of this period. It faced limitations to renew lines of research, researchers and laboratory equipment. However, its role in public health decisions of the country remained central.

Dr. Nicolás José Gutiérrez Hernández. Pionero de la medicina y la ciencia en Cuba / Dr. Nicolás José Gutiérrez Hernández. Pioneer of the medicine and science in Cuba

Nicolás Gutiérrez Hernández es recordado como uno de los más grandes y respetados médicos en la historia de Cuba. Pionero en la introducción de avanzados procedimientos médicos durante el siglo XIX, fue además, el artífice de la fundación en 1861 de la Real Academia de Ciencias Médicas, Físicas y Naturales de La Habana (AU).

Nicolas Gutiérrez Hernández is remembered as one of the biggest and more estimated physicians of the Cuban history. Pioneer in the introduction of advanced medical procedures during the 19th century, he also was the artificer of the foundation of the Academy of Medical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Havana (AU).

El desarrollo de la primera pasta dental con fluoruro. Semblanza histórica: en los 50 años del Oral Health Research Institute (OHRI) / Development of the first fluoridated toothpaste. Historical review:the 50th year of the Oral Health Research Institute (OHRI)

Siempre es importante el poder llevar a cabo algún tipo de reconocimiento a las personas involucradas en haber dejado aun el más mínimo tipo de legado en nuestra profesión. A título muy personal, la utilización de los fluoruros y, muy en especial su incorporación en la formulación de pastas dentales, ha sido el factor más importante y preponderante en la disminución del índice de riesgo de caries dental en las actuales generaciones. El presente artículo pretende hacer una narración histórica sobre los eventos más sobresalientes por los que pasó el trío de científicos en las Escuelas de Química y de Odontología de la Universidad de Indiana en sus respectivos campus de Bloomington e Indianápolis para lograr el desarrollo de la primera pasta dental con fluoruro. Más que un recuento histórico, la intención principal de este escrito es hacer una semblanza y un reconocimiento al trabajo del bioquímico Harry Day, quién trabajaba en su campo especializado sobre el valor nutricional de algunos elementos y que, junto con el trabajo del dentista Joseph C. Muhler y del especialista en Química inorgánica William Nebergall, logró producir un prototipo de pasta dental en el año de 1952 y que después de los excelentes resultados de los estudios clínicos liderados por Muhler tanto en niños como en adultos, llamaron la atención de Procter and Gamble para poder lanzar al mercado la primera pasta dental con Fluoristán, a la que se llamó Crest (AU)

It is always important to express some type of acknowledgement to people that were involved on leaving any form of legacy in our profession. As a personal view, the use of fluorides and specially the implementation of it in the formulation of toothpastes have been the key and preponderant factor in the decrease on the risk of dental caries in the current generations. This article pretends to be a historic narrative of the remarkable events in the group of the three scientists of the School of Chemistry and the School of Dentistry at both campuses of Bloomington and Indianapolis of Indiana University to fulfill the goal on the development of the first fluoridated toothpaste. More than a historical narrative, the main intention of this paper is to make a resemblance and an acknowledgement to the work of Biochemist Harry Day, who worked in his field of expertise on the nutrimental value of certain trace elements and that together with the work by dentist Joseph C. Muhler and the specialist in Inorganic Chemistry William Nebergall, could produced in year 1952 a prototype of a toothpaste that after several clinical studies in children and adults conducted by Muhler showed excellent results on caries prevention, and that took the attention of Procter and Gamble to be able to put on the market the first toothpaste with Fluoristan that was called Crest (AU)